List of former Christians
This is a list of notable people who left Christianity for another religion or a non-religious ideology.
Ex-Christians who had been Roman Catholics
This is a list of people who left Roman Catholicism for another religion or a non-religious ideology.
Baha'i
Agnosticism and atheism
Islam
Judaism
Raëlism
Scientology
Other
- Ellen Burstyn - American actress, converted to a universalist spiritual form of Sufism in the 1970s.[36]
Ex-Christians who had been Eastern Christians
This section is for those who left varying forms of Eastern Christianity in favor of a non-Christian religion or ideology.
Atheism
Islam
Judaism
Baha'i
Ex-Christians who had been Protestants
Baha'i
Agnosticism and atheism
Islam
- Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay), from Baptist[57][58] to The Nation of Islam to Sunni Islam.[59] famous boxer
- Ryan G. Anderson - former Lutheran, convicted of charges of espionage for Al Qaeda[60][61]
- André Carson - former Baptist,[62] second Muslim to serve the United States Congress.[63]
- Isabelle Eberhardt - from Lutheran Christianity, 19th century explorer & writer[64]
- Yahiya Emerick - American Muslim scholar, president of the Islamic Foundation of North America.[65]
- Yusuf Estes - former preacher and federal prison chaplain.[66]
- Silma Ihram - formerly a born again Baptist who is an Australian pioneer of Muslim education in the West, founder and former school Principal of the 'Noor Al Houda Islamic College', campaigner for racial tolerance, and Author.[67]
- Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood - British author.[68]
- Preacher Moss - Former Baptist,[69] American comedian and comedy writer.[70]
- Yvonne Ridley - British journalist, from Anglicanism. She converted after being kidnapped and released by the Taliban.[71][72]
- James Yee - previously Lutheran[73] and former U.S. Army Muslim chaplain.[74]
Judaism
- Nicolas Antoine, was a French-Christian Protestant theologian, and pastor, he died as a martyr in Geneva in 1632.[75]
- Shlomo Ben Avraham "Ole" Brunell, former Lutheran minister from Finland and Australia. Along with him, his wife Ruth (formerly Runa), two adult daughters, two teenage daughters, and a former son-in-law also converted.[76]
- Isla Fisher, American model and actress[77] who is a former member of the United Methodist Church.[78]
- Lord George Gordon, Best known for heading an anti-Catholic Protestant association.[79]
- Julius Lester, Author and musician who was the son of a minister.[80]
- Arnold Schoenberg [81]
- Johann Peter Spaeth, German theologian[82] "Johann Peter Spaeth (about 1642-1701), author of an attack on Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-politicus, finally became a Jewish convert, called himself "Moses Germanus," and was even circumcised a few years before his death in 1697"
- Obadiah the Proselyte (né Johannes), priest and composer.[83]
- Asher Wade an ex-Methodist pastor; he converted in 1978 to Orthodox Judaism.[84]
- David N. Weiss, Former Presbyterian minister David Weiss (born Jewish) returned to Judaism and is now a successful screenwriter living in Los Angeles.[85]
Ex-Christians who had been Anglicans
Agnosticism and atheism
Islam
Judaism
Baha'i
George Townshend -former Archdeacon of Clonfert.
Ex-Christians from other or unspecified denomination
Islam
- Salman the Persian A convert from Christianity[91] who was previously Zoroastrian. In search for truth, he traveled to Syria to follow Christianity. Upon the death of his teachers, he was directed to head to Arabia, where he was told the final prophet will rise. He later converted to Islam and became one of Muhammad's first companions.
- Thomas J. Abercrombie - photographer[92]
- Éric Abidal (changed his name to Bilal) - French football player , converted to Islam after marriage.[93]
- Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Lew Alcindor) - retired basketball player & the NBA's all-time leading scorer[94]
- Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf (Chris Jackson) - retired basketball player[95]
- Tariq Abdul-Wahad (Olivier Saint-Jean) - originally from France, former basketball player for the Mavericks and Kings[96]
- Robin Padilla - Filipino actor.[97]
- Abdul-Karim al-Jabbar (Sharmon Shah) - former NFL football player[98]
- Ivan Aguéli (Johan Agelii) - famous Swedish painter.[99][100]
- Dawud Wharnsby-Ali (David Wharnsby) - Canadian singer/poet.[101]
- Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley - British soldier and peer.[102]
- Nicolas Anelka - French football player[103]
- Yasin Abu Bakr (Lennox Philip) - of Trinidad and Tobago, under trial for an attempted coup as of March 9, 2006[104]
- Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker (Philip Barker) - professor of Urdu, former chair of the University of Minnesota's Department of South Asian studies and creator of the Tékumel fantasy world.[105]
- Kevin Barrett - university lecturer and member of Scholars for 9/11 Truth.[106]
- David Belfield - American, fled to Iran after assassinating Ali Akbar Tabatabai, an Iranian dissident.[107]
- Mohammed Knut Bernström - Swedish ambassador to Venezuela (1963–1969), Spain (1973–1976) and Morocco (1976–1983)[108]
- Jean de Béthencourt - French explorer who led an expedition to the Canary Islands.[109]
- Art Blakey - American Jazz musician[110]
- Omar Bongo - Gabonese, President of Gabon.[111]
- Claude Alexandre de Bonneval - 18th century French nobleman.[112]
- Tawana Brawley (changed her name to Maryam Muhammad) - African American woman noted for claiming to have been raped by several white men, a claim determined to be a fabrication by a grand jury. Later in life she converted to Islam.[113][114][115]
- Willie Brigitte - French convert to Islam who associated with al-Qaeda in Pakistan and was possibly involved in a plot to conduct a terrorist operation in Australia.[116]
- Dolores "LaLa" Brooks - American musician.[117]
- Count Cassius- Visigothic aristocrat who founded the Banu Qasi dynasty of Muladi rulers.[118]
- David Chappelle - comedian and television star[119]
- Benjamin Chavis - controversial former head of the NAACP; joined the Nation of Islam[120]
- Hedley Churchward - English painter[121]
- Jimmy Cliff - Jamaican reggae musician.[122][123]
- Aukai Collins - fought in Chechnya, paid FBI informant, author of an autobiographical book[124]
- Jerôme Courtailler - one of two French brothers convicted by French authorities in 2004 for abetting terrorists[125][126][127]
- Ian Dallas - Shaykh Dr. Abdalqadir as-Sufi - Sufi shaykh of Scottish origins.[128]
- C. Jack Ellis - Mayor of Macon, Georgia[129]
- Chris Eubank - British boxer[130]
- Sultaana Freeman - sued the state of Florida for niqab restrictions.[131]
- Adam Yahiye Gadahn - spokesperson for Al-Qaeda; on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list[132][133]
- George XI of Kartli - Saffavid commander.[39]
- Ryan Harris- football player for the Denver Broncos [134]
- Bernard Hopkins - American boxer[135]
- Michael Muhammad Knight - American novelist, writer, and journalist.[136]
- Rustie Lee - British television chef and celebrity.[137]
- Germaine Lindsay - participated and died in the 7 July 2005 London bombings[125][138][139]
- Alexander Litvinenko - former Russian spy converted to Islam on his deathbed.[42][43]
- Lee Boyd Malvo - convicted of capital murder and arrested for the Beltway sniper attacks, for being involved in 16 murders and 7 additional attempted murders.[140]
- Iyasu V - Ethiopian emperor.[41]
- Jacques-Francois Menou - French general under Napoleon I of France.[141]
- Bruno Metsu - French coach of the Senegal team at the 2002 FIFA World Cup[142]
- Daniel Moore - poet [143]
- Sheila Musaji - founder of The American Muslim magazine.[144]
- Ibrahim Muteferrika (original name not known) - From Unitarian Christianity, an early example of a Muslim publisher and printer.[145]
- John Nelson - first recorded Englishman to become a Muslim.[146]
- Queen Noor of Jordan (formerly Lisa Najeeb Halaby)[147]
- Omar Pasha - Ottoman general. Converted from Serbian Orthodoxy.[44]
- Emin Pasha - physician, naturalist, and Egyptian governor.[148]
- Judar Pasha - conqueror of the Songhai Empire.[149]
- Bilal Philips - Islamic scholar and author[150]
- Marmaduke Pickthall - famous translator of the Quran.[151]
- William Abdullah Quilliam - 19th century British poet, ambassador and journalist.[152]
- Ilie II Rareş - prince of Moldavia.[153]
- Ahmad Rashād - Emmy award-winning sportscaster (mostly with NBC Sports) and former American football wide receiver.[154][155]
- Richard Colvin Reid - shoe bomber (convicted terrorist) [156]
- Franck Ribéry- a French football player. His name after he converted to Islam is Bilal.[157]
- Sana al-Sayegh, dean of the Science and Technology Faculty at Palestine International University, converted to Islam in August 2007. Fatah has accused its political rival Hamas of forcing the professor to convert from Christianity, a charge Hamas denies.[158]
- Brad Terrence Jordan ("Scarface") - American rapper[159]
- Mario Scialoja - Italian ambassador and President of the World Muslim League.[160]
- Betty Shabazz - wife of Malcolm X; former Methodist.[161]
- Zaid Shakir - African-American Muslim speaker and intellectual in the United States.[162][163]
- Rudolf Carl von Slatin - Anglo-Austrian soldier and administrator in the Sudan.[164]
- Suleiman Pasha - French-born Egyptian commander.[165]
- Abu Tammam - 9th century Arab poet born to Christian parents.[166]
- Tekuder - Mongol leader of the Ilkhan empire who was formerly a Nestorian Christian.[45]
- Joe Tex - soul singer and recording artist.[167]
- Joseph Thomas - Australian convert, acquitted of terrorism charges, placed under a control order under the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005, currently pending retrial.[168][169]
- Richard Thompson - British musician, best known for his guitar playing and songwriting.[170]
- Ahmad Thomson - British barrister and writer and also a member of the Murabitun movement.[171]
- Top Topham - rock guitarist from England.[172]
- Gabriele Torsello - Italian freelance photojournalist based in London who was abducted in Helmand Province, Afghanistan.[173]
- Philippe Troussier - French, former football player & trainer of a Japanese football team[174]
- Mihnea Turcitul - was a Prince (Voivode) of Walachia. Converted from Eastern Orthodox Christianity.[47]
- Abu Usamah - controversial American-born Imam of Green Lane Masjid in Birmingham, UK. Accused of preaching messages of hate towards non-Muslims in a UK Television documentary.[175]
- Siraj Wahaj - African-American Imam, noted for his efforts to eliminate Brooklyn's drug problems.[176]
- Danny Williams - British boxer[177]
- Khalid Yasin - Executive Director of the Islamic Teaching Institute, and a Shaykh currently residing in Australia.[178]
- Alexander Russell Webb - American journalist, newspaper owner, and former Consul-General of the U.S.A. in the Philippines.[179][180]
- Suhaib Webb - American Islamic activist and speaker.[88]
- John Whitehead - an American singer, songwriter, and record producer.[181]
- Timothy Winter - prominent British Islamic thinker and scholar, and a lecturer in Islamic studies in the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Cambridge.[182]
- Zağanos Pasha - one of the prominent military commanders of Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror) and a lala, at once an advisor, mentor, tutor, councillor, protector, for the sultan.[183]
- Mohammed Zakariya - an American master of Arabic calligraphy, best known for his work on the popular Eid U.S. postage stamp.[184]
Judaism
- Moses ben Abraham
- Andrew/Andreas, the Archbishop of Bari, a city in Southern Italy, declared himself a Jew upon a journey to Constantinople in 1066 and subsequentally fled to Egypt.[188][189][190]
- Aquila of Sinope, Bible translator [191]
- Dany Boon, French comedian [192]
- Elizabeth Brewster, Canadian poet[193]
- May Britt, actress [194]
- Geraldine Brooks,a Pulitzer Prize-winner, Australian-American journalist and author.
- Sarah Brown, actress [195]
- Nell Carter, singer and actress [196]
- Cristian Castro, a Grammy Award-nominated Mexican pop singer [197]
- Juan Carrasco, former Augustin friar [198][199]
- Connie Chung, an American journalist who has been an anchor and reporter for several U.S. television news networks, including NBC, CBS, ABC, CNN, and MSNBC [200][201]
- Sammy Davis, Jr., entertainer [202]
- Dionis (former priest) [43]
- Jacqueline du Pré, musician [203]
- Hank Eng, New York born Chinese-American. He is a candidate for Colorado's 6th District in the U.S House of Representatives in the 2008 race.[204]
- Luke Ford, journalist [205]
- Soleil Moon Frye, American actress, director and screenwriter. Frye is best known for her childhood role as the title character in Punky Brewster, a television sitcom.[206][207]
- Steve Furness [208]
- Lord George Gordon, nobleman and politician [209]
- Monica Horan, actress [200]
- Joel Horlen[210][211]
- Mary Hart (* 1950) American television personality, long-time host of the entertainment program Entertainment Tonight[212]
- Carolivia Herron, writer of children's and adult literature.[213]
- Jon Juaristi, Spanish writer [214]
- Skip Jutze [215]
- Felicity Kendal, actress[216]
- Jamaica Kincaid, author[217]
- Elliott Maddox, a former right-handed Major League Baseball American player from 1970 to 1980 for the Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators/Texas Rangers, New York Yankees, Baltimore Orioles, and New York Mets.[218]
- Sam McCullum [219]
- Adah Isaacs Menken, stage actress[220]
- Marilyn Monroe, actress[221]
- Cornelio Da Montalcino, (a Franciscan friar who had embraced Judaism, and was burned alive on the Campo dei Fiori.)[222][223][224][225][226][227][228]
- Santa Montefiore, novelist[229]
- Jeff Newman, a right-handed former utility player in major league baseball with a 9-year career from 1976 to 1984, and a manager in 1986. He played for the Oakland A's and Boston Red Sox.[230]
- Michael Netzer, an American artist best known for his comic book work for industry leaders DC Comics and Marvel Comics
- Martha Nussbaum, is an American philosopher with a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy and ethics. She has been a professor at Harvard and Brown. She is currently a professor at University of Chicago[231]
- Bob Nystrom, former NHL player[232]
- Bob Plager [233]
- Kim Stanley (February 11, 1925 – August 20, 2001) [234]
- Venetia Stanley, socialite [235]
- Margo Stilley American film actress[236]
- Elizabeth Taylor, actress[237]
- Penina Taylor, a former messianic Jewish leader [238]
- Bob Tufts [239][240]
- Ike Turner, was an American musician, bandleader, talent scout, and record producer, and the son of a Baptist minister
- Chris Van Allsburg, children's writer[241]
- Conrad Veidt, German actor [200]
- Jackie Wilson, was an American singer. Wilson was important in the transition of rhythm and blues into soul. Gaining fame in his early years as a member of the R&B vocal group, The Dominoes, after going solo in 1957 he went on to record over fifty hit singles over a repertoire that included R&B, pop, soul, doo-wop and easy listening before lapsing into a coma following a collapse on stage during a 1975 benefit concert. By the time of his death in 1984, he had become one of the most influential soul artists of his generation.
- Steve Yeager, an American right-handed former major league baseball catcher [242]
- Catherine Zelazowska, Polish martyr [243]
Baha'i
- Nelson Évora[244] - Portuguese Olympic Gold Medal (Beijing, 2008) and Gold Medal recipient for the 2007 Athletics World Championship in Osaka, Japan in Triple Jump
- Khalil Greene[245] - Shortstop for the Texas Rangers
- Miles Kasiri[246] - Finalist in the 2004 Wimbledon Tennis Junior Championship, native of the UK.
- Armein D. Kirkland[247] - Collegiate basketball player for University of Cincinnati 2002-2006
- David Krummenacker [248] - Track & Field World Champion in 800m in 2003, NCAA Champion (Georgia Tech) 1997, 1998.
- Luke McPharlin[249] - Australian footballer for the Fremantle Dockers
- David F. Nti-Berko[250] - Track & Field All-American Triple Jumper for the University of Alabama (1995), native of Ghana
- William Smith[251] - Collegiate football player at Wake Forest University (1964), pioneer in integration in college athletics
See also
References
- ^ Melt2000: Flora Purim (bio)
- ^ Russell Garcia
- ^ San Francisco Chronicle
- ^ The Seattle Times
- ^ Global Noise, By Tony Mitchell, pg. 72
- ^ [Rome's Envoy to Saudi Arabia Converts to Islam by Luke Baker, CNN, November 26, 2001]
- ^ Keith Ellison for U.S. Congress
- ^ "Origin and Enduring Impact of the 'Garaudy Affair'". Ihr.org. http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v18/v18n4p31_Okeefe.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Guenonian Esoterism and Christian Mystery, By Jean Borella, G. John Champoux, back cover.
- ^ [‘’’ Journey to Islam - Diary of a German Diplomat’’’ by Murad Hoffman]
- ^ http://www.knud-holmboe.com/books/knud_biography.pdf
- ^ Keller, Nu Ha Mim. Becoming Muslim.
- ^ "Vinnie Paz". Philaflava.com. http://www.philaflava.com/vinnie_paz.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ MSBC Article's title says "Raised Catholic, this Muslim professor is bringing the moderate viewpoint to the world."]
- ^ Matthew Saad Muhammad
- ^ "Peter Murphy". Nndb.com. http://www.nndb.com/people/875/000109548/. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Ponke, a human rights hero, is dead
- ^ "In Philippines, watchful eye on converts | csmonitor.com". csmonitor.com<!. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1128/p07s02-woap.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Militant Islamic Converts And Terrorism In The Philippines" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080709041652/http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/philippines/110_philippines_terrorism_the_role_of_militant_islamic_converts.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base". Tkb.org. http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4690. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "The Music Show - 24 February 2007 - Danny Thompson". Abc.net.au. 2007-02-24. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/musicshow/stories/2007/1948816.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Mohammed Yousuf
- ^ UGA
- ^ Converting Inca Indians in Peru
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ Bernstein, Fred (2009-01-01). "Onetime Catholic Priest Abraham Carmel Celebrates His 25th Year as An Orthodox Jew". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073218,00.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ O'Toole, Lesley (2006-12-22). "Ben Stiller : 'Doing comedy is scary'". London: The Independent. http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/film/features/article2092609.ece. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
- ^ Bookbrowse
- ^ Interview from Amazon: States her parents weren't very religious, but that "I did spend 4 years in a Catholic school, from ages 9 to 13. Those years were quite influential intellectually, although I left the Church at the age of 15.]
- ^ Bet Debora. "Judaism - Reflections on Giur". Bet-debora.de. http://www.bet-debora.de/2001/jewish-family/baaden.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Providential Accidents: An Autobiography : Geza Vermes : ISBN 9780847693405". Buy.com. 2007-10-04. http://www.buy.com/prod/providential-accidents-an-autobiography/q/loc/106/30499666.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ SMH: According to published reports, she was raised as Catholic on a farm in the Champagne region east of Paris.
- ^ [2] "RD: You were Catholic originally. Cruise: Well, we went from Episcopalian, to atheist, to Catholic..."
- ^ [3] "In 1990 Cruise renounced his devout Catholic beliefs and embraced The Church Of Scientology claiming that Scientology teachings had cured him of the dyslexia that had plagued him all of his life."
- ^ "Ellen Burstyn's True Face Belief.net. Retrieved on 2009-12-27.
- ^ Columbia dictionary of modern European literature by Jean Albert Bédé, William Benbow Edgerton, pg 535
- ^ Vladislav Zubok; Constantine Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev. pp. 4. ISBN 0674455312. Zubok and Pleshakov further state, "Many would later note, however, that his works were influenced by a distinctly Biblical style" and "his atheism remained rooted in some vague idea of a God of nature."
- ^ a b Iranica.com - GORGIN KHAN
- ^ "Convert Plays Leadership Role in Muslim Community". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6057297. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ a b Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia (London: James Currey, 1991), p. 121.
- ^ a b Litvinenko converted to Islam, father says - Times Online
- ^ a b c "Litvinenko's Father Says Son Requested Muslim Burial - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY". Rferl.org. 2006-12-05. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/E4B19AB3-82B6-45C8-BABB-A13B7CEAB243.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ a b Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak .Amal Vinogradov. American Ethnologist, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb., 1974), pp. 207–218
- ^ a b A history of the crusades, By Steven Runciman, pg. 397
- ^ ’’A Cold’’ By Marin Sorescu, Published 1978, p.16
- ^ a b Ştefan Ştefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Bucharest, Vol. I, 1991, p.164
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ Hassall, Graham; Fazel, Seena. "100 Years of the Baha'i Faith in Europe". Baha'i Studies Review 8 (3): 35–44. http://bahai-library.com/hassall_fazel_100-years_europe#N_26_. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- ^ Anthony Azizi. "Anthony Azizi: Bio". http://anthonyazizi.com/index_flash.html. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ Veteran actor Earl Cameron brings a sense of world citizenship to UN role by Robert Weinberg, ONE COUNTRY, Volume 17, Issue 1 / April–June 2005
- ^ Biography on Official Webpage
- ^ http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/4678.htm
- ^ . http://m.theage.com.au/national/q-what-do-these-mps-have-in-common-a-they-are-out-and-proud-atheists-20100313-q59i.html.
- ^ http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s2301431.htm
- ^ Christian Post
- ^ On the Other Side of Oddville By Dwight A. Moody, Ike Moody, pg. 122
- ^ Muhammad Ali & Company By Thomas Hauser, pg. 18
- ^ "Muhammad Ali has embraced Sufi Islam and is on a new spiritual quest - Beliefnet.com". Beliefnet.com<!. http://www.beliefnet.com/story/160/story_16045_1.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Ryan Anderson convicted". The Niqabi Paralegal. 2004-09-03. http://www.niqabiparalegal.com/archives/2004/09/ryan_anderson_c_1.php. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Font size Print E-mail Share By Lauren Johnston (2004-09-02). "Soldier Guilty Of Al Qaeda Aid, Spc Anderson Convicted Of Trying To Give Terrorists Info - CBS News". CBS News<!. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/02/12/terror/main599982.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Islam Convert seeks a seat in Congress
- ^ Catching up: Indiana's Carson will replace his grandmother in Congress
- ^ Isabelle Eberhardt: Explorer
- ^ "How Did You Accept Islam? by Yahiya Emerick". Islamfortoday.com. http://www.islamfortoday.com/emerick8.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu (2003-11-17). "Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images". Advance, University of Connecticut. http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm.
- ^ "About me". Silma. Push-Button Publishing. 2007. http://www.blogger.com/profile/14309477462606091182. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
- ^ "Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah Theology Islam". Ruqaiyyah.karoo.net. http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Christian and Muslim comics show believers that faith sometimes is best shared through laughter - especially when it's at themselves
- ^ “Allah Made Me Funny!” - A Popular Muslim-American Comedy. IslamOnline.net
- ^ "Yvonne Ridley: From captive to convert", By Hannah Bayman, BBC News (online), 21 September 2004
- ^ "BBC Inside Out - Yvonne Ridley". Bbc.co.uk. 2003-10-06. http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northeast/series4/yvonne_ridley_iraq.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ The Ordeal of Chaplain Lee
- ^ CNN.com - U.S. Army Muslim chaplain arrested - Sep. 22, 2003
- ^ "Antoine, Nicolas:". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1608&letter=A&search=Nicolas%20Antoine. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Jerusalem Post
- ^ Gensler, Howard (2006-11-27). "'Borat' to wed Aussie actress Isla Fisher". http://www.philly.com/mld/dailynews/living/16105670.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
- ^ "Isla Fisher's wife wish". soFeminine.co.uk. 2009-01-19. http://www.sofeminine.co.uk/w/star/n485343/news/Isla-Fisher-s-wife-wish.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Who's Who in Christianity By Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok, pg 107
- ^ j. - Julius Lester: There's `no magic formula' for blacks and Jews (print view)
- ^ Арнольд Шёнберг
- ^ Commentary Magazine
- ^ "The University of Chicago Magazine: August 2004". Magazine.uchicago.edu. http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0408/research/music.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ [4]
- ^ "Shrek on Judaism!". Ikehillah.org. 2004-06-06. http://www.ikehillah.org/shrekonjudaism1/. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ The Times
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1960-09-30). "H. Saint John Philby - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059645. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ a b [5]
- ^ "Report: Tycoon Donald Trump's daughter converting to Judaism - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1032908.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Lee, Anthony A. (2008), "Enoch Olinga", Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience, Oxford University Press, http://www.mywire.com/a/Africana/Olinga-Enoch/9446289/Enoch
- ^ Religion and Nation: Iranian Local and Transnational Networks in Britain By Kathryn Spellman, pg. 145
- ^ Interview at Bayweekly "Q: Am I right that you became a Moslem in the mid-1960s? Answer: I think it was '65 or '66."
- ^ Abidal become Muslim with a name Bilal
- ^ NY Times Archived Short Book Review of Giant Steps by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Peter Knobler.
- ^ "MAHMOUD ABDUL-RAUF'S SUSPENSION FOR REFUSING TO STAND FOR THE NATIONAL ANTHEM: A "FREE THROW" FOR THE NBA AND DENVER NUGGETS, OR A "SLAM DUNK" VIOLATION OF ABDUL-RAUF'S TITLE VII RIGHTS?" Washington University Law Quarterly.
- ^ "Tariq Abdul-Wahad Bio". NBA.com. http://www.nba.com/playerfile/tariq_abdul-wahad/bio.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Robin Padilla opens school for Muslim kids
- ^ "NBA great Kareem Abdul-Jabbar wants NFL player to stop using name - the former Sharmon Shah, Miami Dolphin running back being sued by former basketball player" Jet Online. Dec. 1, 1997. Johnson Publishing Co.
- ^ Roald, Anne Sofie (2004). New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts . Brill Publishers. pg.28
- ^ Aguéli Museum states "He changed his name to Ivan Aguéli. Later he converted to Islam."
- ^ "Dawud Wharnsby - Colorado - Folk Rock / Acoustique / A'cappella - www.myspace.com/wharnsby". MySpace.com. http://www.myspace.com/wharnsby. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ History of the London Central Mosque and the Islamic Cultural Centre 1910–1980, A. L. Tibawi, Die Welt des Islams, New Ser., Bd. 21, Nr. 1/4 (1981), pp. 193–208
- ^ "Muslim Anelka to quit England| Sport | This is London". This is London<!. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-11255446-details/Muslim+Anelka+to+quit+England/article.do;jsessionid=hgtrFr9MbfKXQNRCxHGF8dRW1knmWxynwQTQq2Nq7bhMLVc4VfCm!-825067526!-1407319224!7001!-1. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Jamaat al-Muslimeen on Trial in Trinidad and Tobago
- ^ Gary Fine, Shared Fantasy: Role Playing Games As Social Worlds, University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1983. Reprinted in 2002.
- ^ Barrett's personal website
- ^ Silverman, Ira (2009-01-07). "Annals of Crime: An American Terrorist". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?020805fa_fact. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Roald, Anne Sofie (2004). New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts . Brill Publishers. pg.130
- ^ French Armies of the Hundred Years War, By David Nicolle, Angus McBride, pg. 40
- ^ Art Blakey official site In 1948, Art told reporters he had visited Africa, where he learned polyrhythmic drumming and was introduced to Islam, taking the name Abdullah Ibn Buhaina.
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- ^ [6]
- ^ Brigitte terrorism trial nears ABC News
- ^ [7]
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- ^ If Michael Jackson Converts to Islam - 03/07/2006
- ^ "Famous London Muslims". Masud.co.uk. 1953-12-10. http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/bmh/BMH-IRO-famous_muslims.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2002/07/17/myjihad/index.html
- ^ a b "Al Qaeda exploits 'blue-eyed' Muslim converts". Financialexpress.com. 2005-10-15. http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=105681. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ php?Article=217105
- ^ Embassy plot offers insight into terrorist recruitment, training - The Advocate
- ^ The Collected Works by Ian Dallas, Budgate Press, 2005, ISBN 0-620-34379-6
- ^ CNN: Macon, Georgia, mayor converts to Islam
- ^ Telegraph.co.uk - Lengthy queue to join religion that offers 'sense of direction'
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- ^ "Vote Rustie Lee". Rustie-lee.com. http://www.rustie-lee.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ Moore, Abd al-Hayy. CHOOSING ISLAM: ONE MAN'S TALE. University of New Hampshire.
- ^ Three killed while performing ritual
- ^ UU site
- ^ "Religion & Ethics - Islam in the UK (1500s-present): Before the 20th century". BBC. 2009-09-07. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Queen Noor of Jordan, The Canadian Encyclopedia
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- ^ Davidson, Basil. Africa in History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
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- ^ Islamic Studies : A Research Guide
- ^ William Henry ('Sheikh Abdullah') Quilliam, 1856-
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- ^ "Minnesota Vikings Football Tickets - Vikings Football - Vikings Tickets". Vikings Tickets<!. 1949-11-19. http://www.vikingstickets.com/main/players/Ahmad+Rashad. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ RIBERY HAILS GREAT ZIDANE: Sporting Life | 2006 World Cup Finals in Germany, Breaking News, Features, Cannavaro, Zidane, Lippi, Domenech, Buffon, Vieira, Henry
- ^ Khaled Abou Toameh. "Hamas forced professor to convert." Jerusalem Post. August 5, 2007.
- ^ New Century Foundation. "American Renaissance News: Post 9/11, Islam Flourishes Among Blacks". Amren.com. http://www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2007/02/post_911_islam.php. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ By Laurie Goodstein (2006-06-18). "U.S. Muslim Clerics Seek a Modern Middle Ground - New York Times". Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/us/18imams.html?pagewanted=4&ei=5088&en=0efbc4624383a46b&ex=1308283200. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ Ibn Ab̄i Tahir Ṭāyfūr and Arabic writerly culture a ninth-century bookman in Baghdad RoutledgeCurzon Studies in Arabic and Middle-Eastern Literatures: A Ninth-century Bookman in Baghdad, By Shawkat M. Toorawa, pg. 94
- ^ AP (1982-08-14). "Joe Tex, 47, Recording Artist And Soul Singer for 30 Years - New York Times". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E7DB1E39F937A2575BC0A964948260. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Thomas convicted under terror laws, Four Corners, February 27, 2006
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- ^ Humphries, Patrick, Richard Thompson - The Biography, Schirmer, 1997. ISBN 0-02-864752-1
- ^ Thomson, Ahmad – Author Information Ibooks
- ^ ”Top Brother”, Emel: The Muslim Lifestyle Magazine, January/February 2005, Issue 9
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- ^ "Yahoo! UK & Ireland Eurosport - Sport News | African Cup of Nations". Uk.sports.yahoo.com. http://uk.sports.yahoo.com/23032006/3/french-coach-troussier-wife-convert-islam.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Guardian newspaper report on police investigation into undercover mosque program. Wednesday August 8 2007
- ^ Kohn, Rachael. The Black imam of Brooklyn
- ^ "Beds Herts and Bucks - Sport - Williams on boxing: I am not supposed to do it!". BBC. 2005-07-18. http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/content/articles/2005/10/07/danny_williams_071005_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Transcript of Sheikh Khalid Yasin-07/09/2003: Sunday Nights With John Cleary". Abc.net.au. http://www.abc.net.au/sundaynights/stories/s943004.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ "The "Yankee Mohammedan": Alexander Russell Webb and the". Encyclopedia.com. 2007-01-01. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-160168134.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ The Genoese in Galata: 1453–1682, Louis Mitler, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 10, No. (Feb., 1979), pp. 71–91.
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- ^ Kulanu: Bene Ephraim of Andhra Pradesh, South India
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- ^ The barbarian conversion: from ... - Google Books. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=RB5aWgr7l-gC&pg=PA298&lpg=PA298&dq=1066+andrew+the+archbishop+of+bari+judaism&source=web&ots=gaMjqgYwb3&sig=QwULvssrSZQTTiGDXErqzaA_bz4. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Part Two
- ^ The originator of the acts of terrorism in London was standing near Tony Blair Retrieved on April 3, 2008
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, art. Aquila of Sinope
- ^ Le Figaro Magazine which states "as though his conversion to Judaism in 2002 had paradoxically made him closer to his Pas-de-Calais roots".
- ^ Arc Poetry review of "Jacob's Dream" which states "Brewster is fascinated with her newly-adopted faith of Judaism—poems about Jewish holy days and heritage are sprinkled throughout"
- ^ "May Britt Joins Jewish Faith", The New York Times, 18 October 1960, p. 46
- ^ Q&A with Sarah Brown "Judaism, for me, is more a spiritual thing than a religion, but I feel that I have a Jewish soul. I didn't convert because of my marriage; I just always felt like there was a Jewish soul inside of me just dying to get out."
- ^ Chicago Sun Times via "Find Articles.": Said of her conversion "I needed to know where God was, and I went back to the basics."
- ^ EsMas.com
- ^ "Danielillo Of Leghorn". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=45&letter=D&search=converted%20to%20judaism. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ a b c "Converted to Judaism". Nndb.com. http://www.nndb.com/event/931/000084679/. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
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- ^ Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ A Publishers Weekly review of Jacqueline Du Pre: A Biography by Carol Easton [8] states she was "the daughter of anti-Semitic parents who herself converted to Judaism and at age 21 married Jewish pianist-conductor Daniel Barenboim."
- ^ "Democratic Convention Notes: Meet Chinese Jewish candidate Hank Eng - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1015065.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Luke Ford, XXX-Communicated: A Rebel Without a Shul. iUniverse, Inc., 2004. ISBN 0-595-66441-5
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- ^ "Soleil Moon Frye aka Punky Brewster (Photos, Bio)". Bitten and Bound. 2008-09-15. http://www.bittenandbound.com/2008/09/15/soleil-moon-frye-aka-punky-brewster-photos-bio/. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Furness, Steve : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. 1950-12-05. http://jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=football&ID=311. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ "Horlen, Joe : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. 1937-08-14. http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=baseball&ID=143. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ The Big Book of Jewish Sports People by Peter Horvitz page 53
- ^ Hart - [9] "Thought there are no Jewish Republicans in show biz? Well, Bush contributors include... host Mary Hart, who’s a convert to Judaism..."
- ^ Her website
- ^ El Mundo
- ^ "Jutze, Skip : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. 1946-05-28. http://jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=baseball&ID=147. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Times Online interview: She says in the interview "I converted to Judaism in 1983. I am not a deeply religious person but it is a vital part of my life. It shapes my beliefs, and how I look at the world."
- ^ Beth Israel
- ^ Baseball Almanac.com
- ^ "McCullum, Sam : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. 1952-11-30. http://jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=football&ID=343. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco states of her marriage, "Adah was not at all interested in home or family; in fact, the only thing she shared sincerely with him was his religion–she adopted the Jewish faith and remained steadfast in it until her death."
- ^ "BBC On this Day"
- ^ The Jewish Community of Rome
- ^ This Month in Jewish History: September
- ^ "Jewish History 1550 - 1559". Jewishhistory.org.il. http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1550&endyear=1559. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Google Translate". Translate.google.com. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.morasha.it/ebrei_italia/ebrei_italia04.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=7&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DCornelio%2Bof%2BMontalcino%26hl%3Den. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Jewish Expulsions". Sunray22b.net. http://sunray22b.net/expulsions.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ bigadmin (2006-04-24). "Same day any year, any millenium Any Yom Hashoah - Villagers with Torches". Vwt.d2g.com:8081. http://vwt.d2g.com:8081/2006/04/same_day_any_year_any_milleniu.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02. [sic]
- ^ "ROME:". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=352&letter=R. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ The Independent Feb 7, 2005; online here Findarticles accessed 11 Dec 2006
- ^ The Big Book of Jewish Sports Heroes by Peter Horvits page 100
- ^ The Nation
- ^ [10]
- ^ "Plager, Bob : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. 1943-03-11. http://jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=hockey&ID=30. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ biography from "Female Brando: The Legend of Kim Stanley" by Jon Krampner, 2006
- ^ New York Times book review
- ^ Stilley - [11] "...the former model, raised a Christian in Conway, S.C., recently announced that she is converting to Judaism. Even her rabbi is befuddled.... "The first thing that attracted me to Judaism was the undeniable family strength that has held Jewish people and culture together for 3,000 years. . . Jews, whether religious or not, know where they have come from and what they would wish for their future, and this certainty is based on fact, not faith.... "I will not be a perfect Jew, nor will Judaism make me perfect. But I know that Judaism will give me faith, support, knowledge, and history. I am not Jewish because I choose to be. I am Jewish because there is no other choice for me.""
- ^ In her book Elizabeth Takes Off, Taylor writes, "[Conversion to Judaism] had absolutely nothing to do with my past marriage to Mike [Todd] or my upcoming marriage to Eddie Fisher, both of whom were Jewish. It was something I had wanted to do for a long time." [12]
- ^ "Bio". Penina Taylor. http://www.comingfullcirclebook.com/CONTENT/content.php?t=p. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "NJ Jewish News on-line | Ex-big leaguer celebrates the day he switched teams". Njjewishnews.com. http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/041907/njExBigLeaguer.html. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Tufts, Bob : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. 1955-11-02. http://jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=baseball&ID=160. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Jewish Bulletin of Northern California:On being asked about Christmas, because of the Santa Claus related The Polar Express, he stated "We have a Jewish household. I converted when I married Lisa."
- ^ "Yeager, Steve : Jews In Sports @ Virtual Museum". Jewsinsports.org. 2000-12-16. http://jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=baseball&ID=132. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Zelazowska, Catherine:". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=96&letter=Z. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ Baha'i World News Service - Top sportsmen find support in faith
- ^ Dolbee, Sandi,"Passion for game, faith drives Padres' Greene", The San Diego Union-Tribune, 20 September 2004. Accessed 10 August 2007.
- ^ 2004 WIMBLEDON JUNIOR TENNIS CHAMPIONSHIPS
- ^ Player Bio: Armein Kirkland :: Men's Basketball
- ^ Running the race of his life
- ^ A player and more by Les Everett, Australian Rules, from the Fremantle Herald
- ^ Amanfoo Profiles
- ^ Clemson Tigers, NCAA Football, Wake Forest Demon Deacons - CBSSports.com